!= lhNnf ljsf; sf]if sfo{s|d M
lhNnf ljsf; sf]if tkm{ cf=j= )^!.)^@ df s'n ?= @%!#%)))  k|:tfljt ul/Psf]df oyfy{ cfo jf6 k"a{fwf/ lgdf{0f, :jf:Yo, lzIff, ufp ljsf; sfo{qmd, Ifdtf ljsf; sfo{qmd u|f=vf=kf=tyf ;/;kmfO{ sfo{qmd ,jfnjflnsf tyf dlxnfsf] nfuL ljs]Gb|Lt sfo{qmd,hg;+Vof Joj:yfkg sfo{qmd, ;fd'bflos :jfldTjsf] k|fydLs lzIff sfo{qmd ,;8s lgdf0f{ ,ljleGg k'n k'n];f lgdf0f{, ;'rgf s]Gb| Joj:yfkg, dfgj ;+;fwfg ljsf;, tYof+Í cWofjlws ug]{ cflb h:tf sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng/t 5g h;dWo] d"Vo ;8s k"jf{wf/sf lgDg sfo{x? ;dflji6 5g .

@= k|:tfljt u|fld0f kx'r ;'wf/ kl/of]hgf -RAIP_ M

ljZj j}ssf] C0f ;xof]udf >L % sf] ;/sf/ :yfgLo ljsf; d+qfnoåf/f cf=j=)^!.)^@ b]vL ;+rfng x'g] o; kl/of]hgfsf] d'Vo p2]Zo lhNnf leqsf u|fld0f ;8sx?sf] :t/ pGgtL ul/ :yfgLo hgtfsf] u|fld0f ;8ssf] kx+'rdf a[l4 ug{‘' /x]sf] 5 . o; sfo{qmd cGtu{t e} /x]sf ;8sx?sf]  :t/ pGgtL, dd{t ;'wf/, uf]/]6f,] 3f]8]6f] jf6f]sf] ;'wf/ / ; ;fgf k'n k'n];f tyf emf]n'¨] k'nx?sf] lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . >L % sf] ;/sf/ / ljZj a}+s jLr o; sfo{qmdsf] bf];|f] tyf clGtd ;+dmf}tfsf] k|f/lDes r/0fdf k|j]z ul/ ;s]sf] 5 .
#= ufp ljsf; ;ldlt cg'bfg sfo{s|d M
>L % sf] ;/sf/n] uf=lj=;=x?nfO{ k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf] ufp+ ljsf; ;ldlt cg'bfg sfo{s|d cGt{ut k|To]s uf=lj=;=nfO{ k|fKt x'g] /sd ?= % nfv ;bf em} o;kfnL klg /x]sf] lyof] . o; cf=j= df xfn;Dd ^( uflj;n] ?= @*^#%)) ;+~rfng cg"bfg lgsf;f nlu ;s]sf 5g eg] ljsf; cg'bfgsf] k|yd ls:tf lgsf;f lng] uflj; ;+Vof ( / lgsf;f /sd !!@%))) / bf];|f] ls:tf lgsf;f lng] uflj; ;+Vof ! /  lgsf;f /sd ?= !@%))) ul/ s'n ?= !@%)))) sfo{qmd ah]6    Pj+ ;+rfng cg'bfg ;lxt hDdf ?= $!!#))) lgsf;f e} ;s]sf] 5 .
$= :yfgLo ljsf; lgdf{0f tyf s[lif ;8s sfo{qmd M

s= u|fld0f s[lif ;8s sfo{s|d M

>L % sf] ;/sf/n] s[lif If]qsf] lb3{sfng of]hgfdf pnn]v eP cg';f/ s[lif ;8ssf] lgdf0f{ u/L s[ifsx?åf/f pTkflbt s[lif pTkfbgnfO{ ahf/;Dd ;xh?kdf k'/fpgsf] nflu cf=j= )%^.)%& b]lv s[lif ;8s sfo{qmd ;+rfng x'b} cfPsf] 5 . o; sfo{qmdjf6 s]jnk'/–kr]x/f s[lif ;8ssf]  lgdf{0f e} /x]sf] / cfufdL jif{ pQm lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg  ul/g] of]hgf /x]sf] 5 .  

v= :yflgo ljsf; lgdf0f{ sfo{qmd -u|fdL0f ;8s _

lhNnfsf] ljleGg u|fdL0f Onfsfsfx?df /x]sf ;8sx?nfO{ dd{t ;Def/ tyf k'gM lgdf0f{ u/L lhNnfsf] oftfoft If]qsf] ljsf; ug]{ p4]Zon] :yfgLo ljsf; lgdf{0f cfof]hgf sfo{s|d ;+rfng x'b} cfPsf] 5 . o; sfo{qmd cGtu{t cf=j=)^)÷)^! df d}lgxjf–kr]x/f, s[i0fgu/–lzju9L cf/=6L=cf]=, v/]Gb|k'/–dx/fhu+h–lzju9L / rfs/rf}8f–d=/f=d=;8s / cDnf]gxf–ks8L–/+uk'/ ;8s ul/ hDdf % j6f ;8sx?sf] lgdf{0f, d/Ddt tyf sNe6{ lgdf{0f e} /x]sf] 5 . 

%= ;8s ljsf; af]8{ tyf u|fld0f ;8s dd{t ;Def/ sf]if sfo{qmd M

o; sfo{qmdjf6 jgufO{–df]tLk'/–8f]x6], v/]Gb|k'/–dxf/fhu+h, rfs/rf}8f–ks8L–d=/f=d=, s[i0fgu/–cf/=6L=cf]= ;8sx?sf] :t/ pGgtL ul/ rfn' cj:yfdf Nofpg] sfo{qmd /x]sf] 5 . pQm sfo{qmdsf] lgldQ >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] cg'bfg, ;8s ljsf; af]8{sf] ;xof]u tyf lhlj;sf] ;dfof]hg jh]6 kl/rfng ul/g]5 .

 ^= ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfo{s|d M

;dfhsf j[4, c;xfo Pj+ ckf+u gful/sx?sf] dof{bLt lhjgofkgsf] nfuL >L % sf] ;/sf/n] df;Ls j[lQ k|bfg ub}{ cfO{/x]sf] 5 . o; lhNnfdf h]i7 gfu/Ls @*$# , c;fxo #&@% / czÍ %) u/L s'n hDDff ^^!* hgf /x]sf 5g . h;sf] lgldQ (^^)^)).)) eQf ljt/0f ul/Psf] 5 . cfjZos /sd (^(^))).)) x'g' kg{]df ?= #%$)).)) gk'u /x]sf] 5 . o; cf=j= df ;fdflhs ;'/Iff tkm{ klxnf] ls:tf lgsf;f lng] uflj; ;+Vof && / ! gu/ kflnsfn] ?= #^$)$)) / bf];|f] ls:tf lgsf;f lng] uflj; ;+Vof &@ / ! gu/ kflnsfn] ?= $)@*&)) ;d]t ul/ hDdf ?= &^^(!)) lgsf;f nlu;s]sf] 5 .  

&= ljs]lGb|t :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g ;xof]u sfo{qmd M (DLGSP)

;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo ljsf; sfo{s|d (UNDP) sf] ;xof]udf ;+rflnt o; sfo{s|dn] lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] Joj:yfksLo Ifdtf clej[l4 u/L ;xefuLtfdf cfwf/Lt of]hgf th'{df k4ltnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ p4]Zo lnPsf] 5 . sfo{qmdjf6 lhlj;nfO{ k/fdz{ ;]jf Ifdtf clej[l4 sf sfo{qmd tyf ufp+ ljsf; sfo{qmd - & uf=lj=;=_ ;+rfng e}/x]sf] 5 .

 *= :ofdn pGb'¨  ufp ljsf; sfo{qmd M  

                sf]l/og ;+:yf sf]O{sf, o'g:sfk / /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;+o'Qm ;xof]udf slknj:t' lhNnfsf] rgO{ uflj;sf] jf8{ g+= ( / xl/x/k'/ uflj;sf] jf8{ g+ * em'l;ofdf gd'gf ufp ljsf; cleofg ;+rfng ug{] sfo{sf] nflu   -@)^@ a}zfv b]lv !$ dlxgf_  ?= Ps s/f]8 *) nfv ?k}ofsf] sfo{qmd th{'df e} sfof{Gjogsf] r/0fdf k|j]z u/]sf] ] 5 . blIf0f sf]l/ofsf] u|fld0f ljsf;sf] ;kmntd df]8]n o; lhNnfdf kl/If0fsf] ?kdf k|f/De x'g' uf}/jsf] ljifo xf] .  

(= jfnjflnsf tyf dlxnfx?sf] nfuL ljs]Gb|Lt sfo{s|d M (DACAW)

;g @))@ b]vL o'lg;]kmsf] ;xof]udf of] sfo{qmd ;+rfng e]/x]sf] 5 . ufp+ ljsf; sfo{qmd nfu' ePsf % uf=lj=;= dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd nfu' ePsf $ uf=lj=;=, k=t=u=lg=k=sf] ! uf=lj=;=, cfO{=cfO+=l8=P;= sf] ! uf=lj=;=/ ;fgf ls;fg ;xsf/L ;+:yf cGtu{t @ uf=lj=;= u/L hDdf !#  j6f ;fd'bflos sfo{ k|s[of ( CAP ) nfu' ePsf uf=lj=;=x?df PsLs[t ?kdf / lhNnfsf cGo uf=lj=;=x? klg :jf:Yo, lzIff, vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{, dlxnf tyf jfn ;+/If0f ;DalGw  sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng e}/x]sf 5g . of] sfo{qmd ljz]if u/]/ dlxnf tyf jfn–jflnsf pTyfgsf] If]qdf j9L s]lGb|t /x]sf] 5 . :d/0fLo 5 ljut c9fO{ jif{ b]lv v'/x'l/ofdf sfo{qmd ;+rfngdf /x]sf] 5}g .

 !)= klZrd t/fO{ ul/jL lgjf/0f kl/of]hgf M (PAPWT)

>L % sf] ;/sf/sf] gjf} k~rjlif{o of]hgfsf] ul/jL lgjf/0f ug]{  d'Vo p2]Zo cg'?k s[lif ljsf;sf nfuL cGt/fli6«o sf]if (IFAD) sf] ;xof]udf o; lhNnfdf cf=j= @)%^.@)%& b]vL klZrd t/fO{ ul/jL lgjf/0f kl/of]hgfsf] sfo{qmd ;+rfng x'b} cfO{/x]sf] 5 . ;fgf ls;fg, e"dLlxg, / ljkGg u|fdL0f dlxnfx?sf] cfo Pj+ sNof0fdf j[l4 ug]{ p2]Zo cg'?k o; kl/of]hgfn] nlIft ju{sf] pTyfgsf] nfuL shf{ ;]jf sfo{qmd, s[lif kz' tyf zLkd"ns tfnLd, ;fd'bfoLs ljsf; sfo{qmd / ;fdflhs kl/rfngsf sfo{qmdx? jf6 lhNNffsf blIf0fL e]usf !) uf=lj=;=x?sf !!#!% ul/j hgtfx? nfeflGjt ePsf 5g\ .

!!= u|fdL0f vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ sfo{s|d M  (RWSSP)

ljut !# jif{ b]vL n'lDjgL c~rnsf ^ lhNnfx?df ;+rflnt of] sfo{qmd xfn o; lhNnfdf t];|f] r/0fdf ;+rfng e}/x]sf] 5 . o; sfo{qmdn] cf=j= )%(÷)^) df lhNnfsf ljleGg uf=lj=;=x?df vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{sf ljleGg ^% sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng u/L !(^^% u|fdL0f hgtfx?nfO{ k|ToIf nfeflGjt u/fPsf] lyof] eg] @^*%& hg;+Vof nfeflGjt x'g] sfo{qmdx? ;~rflnt /x]sf lyP eg] o; cf=j=df dx]Gb|sf]6 vfg]kfgL cfof]hgf / df]tLk'/ vfg]kfgL cfof]hgf ;+rfngdf /x]sf 5g . ;fy} ljleGg uflj;df u/]/ !% j6f sfo{qmdx? ;+rfngdf /x]sf 5g . ;g @))$ sf] cGTodf ul/Psf] ;j{]If0f cg';f/ o; lhNnfdf c:yfO{ rkL{ k|of]u ug{] kl/jf/ ;+Vof !$!) / :yfoL rkL{ k|of]u ug{] kl/jf/ ;+Vof !)%$# ul/ s'n rkL{ k|of]u ug{] kl/jf/ ;+Vof !!(%# k'u]sf] 5 .

!@= ljs]Gb|Lt hg;+Vof Joj:yfkg sfo{qmdM

                ;fgf] kl/jf/sf] dxTj, 5f]/LnfO{ lzIff, n}lËs ;dfgtf, k|hgg\ :jf:Yo ;]jf, kl/jf/ lgof]hg ;fwgsf] pknAwtf / ljt/0f, ljsf; / hg;+Vof aLr Plss/0f, bLuf] ljsf; tyf ljljw If]qdf hf]8 lbO{ hg;+Vof Joj:yfkgs sfo{qmdx? @ jif{sf nflu ;+rfng ug{ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no, slknj:t' / >L % sf] ;/sf/ tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno jLr ;dembf/L kqdf x:tfIf/ eO{ of] sfo{qmd @)^! c;f/ % ut] b]lv nfu' ePsf] 5 . o; sfo{qmd cGt/ut klxnf] r/0fdf uflj; ;lrjx?nfO{ :yfgLo :t/df hg;+Vof Joj:yfkg tflnd /flvPsf]df %) hgf ;lrjx?nfO{ b''O{ r/0fdf tflnd lbO{ ;lsPsf] 5 . o; ;dembf/LnfO{ :yfgLo cfjZostf cg';f/ b'j} kIFsf] ;xdltdf a9fpg ;Sg] klg Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{ dfu eP cg'?ksf] /sd dGqfnon] pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

!#=hg;+Vof tyf k|hgg :jf:Yo  PsLs[t kl/of]hgf M ( PARHI )

g]kfn ;g !(($ df sfo/f]df ;DkGg ePsf] hg;+Vof / ljsf; ;DjlGw cGt/fli6«o ;Dd]ng (ICPD) n] p7fPsf] d'2fx? k|lt ;Dj]bglzn /xL g]kfn clw/fHosf] ^ lhNnfx?df hg;+Vof tyf k|hgg\ :jf:Yo PsLs[t kl/of]hgf -kl/_ ;+o'Qm /fi6« hg;+Vof sf]ifsf] ;xof]udf ;~rfng ePsf] 5 . of] kl/of]hgf ;g @))# sf] ;]K6]Dj/ dlxgf b]lv slknj:t' lhNnfdf sfof{Gjog r/0fdf cfPsf] 5 .  of] kl/of]hgf ljs]lGb|ts/0fsf] dfWodjf6 ;+rfngdf cfPsf] x+'bf o; kl/of]hgfsf] g]t[Tj lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltn] u/]sf] 5 eg] sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf lh=lj=;=sf] sfof{no, lh=:Jff=sf=, lh=lz=sf= dlxnf ljsf; sfof{no /x]sf 5g . u}=;=;= tyf ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx? ;d]t :yfgLo lgsfo cGtu{t /x]sf]n]  tL ;+:yfx?nfO{ ;d]t sfo{qmdsf] cfwf/df ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] sfo{qmd k|f/De ePsf] 5 .  ICPD n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf ;+Dj]bglzn d'2fx? hg;+Vof Joj:yfkg, k|hgg\ :Jff:Yo / h]08/ of] sfo{qmdsf] s]Gb| ljGb'x? x'g . o; sfo{qmdsf] & j6f ck]lIft kl/0ffdx? xfl;n ug{] p2]Zo /fv]sf] 5, h;dWo] # j6f k|hgg\ :jf:Yo l;t ;DjlGwt 5g eg] $ j6f hg;+Vof / ljsf;  ;DjlGw 5g . of] sfo{qmd nfu' eP b]lv ;g @))$ ;Dd sl/j #%)) hgf ljleGg sfo{qmddf k|ToIf ;xeflu e} ;s]sf 5g .